Class: B.Sc. First Year

Subject: Major-1: Microbiology

Compiled by: Dr. Rinku Sharma

Photosynthesis is the vital process where plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create their own food (sugars/glucose) and release oxygen as a byproduct, forming the foundation for most life on Earth by converting light energy into chemical energy. This complex biological process involves light-dependent reactions (capturing light energy to make ATP and NADPH) and light-independent reactions (using that energy to fix CO2 into sugars) within chloroplasts, primarily in leaves.  

Class: B.Sc. First Year

Subject: Major-1: Microbiology

Compiled by: Dr. Rinku Sharma

Replication is the process of creating an exact copy or duplicate of something, fundamental in biology for DNA copying before cell division and viral reproduction, but also crucial in computing for data backup/scaling and in science for testing results' reliability through repeating experiments. It ensures genetic continuity (DNA replication), system robustness (data replication), or validates scientific findings (experimental replication).